From: Mermaid (hidden@lucifer.com)
Date: Tue Oct 21 2003 - 23:10:52 MDT
I found this while looking for info on fear..its rather dated, but still interesting..
February 22 1998 The Sunday Times
Science finds key to beating fear
by Steve Connor
Science Correspondent
SCIENTISTS have found the seat of fear in the brain, proving that one of the most potent human emotions has a chemical basis and raising the prospect of a new generation of
drugs that could make man fearless.
In a ground-breaking study, researchers have shown how the electrical circuitry of the brain is altered by an individual's exposure to frightening experiences.
The study will increase our understanding of how fear can overwhelm the normal functioning of the brain and open the way to the development of effective treatments to combat
panic attacks, anxiety and phobias.
Scientists found that the emotion of fear is biochemically manufactured in tiny pathways between nerve cells in a small, almond-shaped structure within the brain called the
amygdala, which is thought to be central to the processing of other primal emotions.
A key finding is that certain connections between the nerve cells within the amygdala become strengthened when someone learns to fear something. This raises the rate at which nervous signals can flow through the brain's fear centre, and so increases the intensity of the emotion. In this way the scientists have shown that, emotionally, the brain can learn from experience.
Patricia Shinnick-Gallagher, professor of pharmacology and toxicology at the University of Texas, who led one of the two research teams, says it is the first time anybody has
shown that the experience of fear has a physical impact on the wiring of the brain.
"I guess you could say we have described the seat of fear in the brain.
"We can now determine the actual mechanisms underlying fear and can specifically design drugs to treat patients who cannot exert control over their fears," she said.
The latest findings on how the amygdala handles fear stem from the work of Professor Joseph LeDoux, a leading authority on the emotional nature of the brain at the Center
for Neural Science at New York University.
He discovered that rats conditioned to a frightening or painful situation developed more intense neural communication in the amygdala than those who were not. The rats were given a small electric shock following
the sound of a buzzer.
They learnt to be fearful of the sound of the buzzer. "We are born with the ability to be afraid but we learn about most things that make us afraid," said LeDoux.
Professor Barrie Gunter, a psychologist at the University of Sheffield, said that fear was one of the most basic emotions and evolved as a vital survival reflex.
It provoked a range of physical responses - including increased adrenaline production and raised heart rate - which improved an animal's ability to defend itself or to escape from danger.
"It's a way of learning to cope with our environment and we still have this vestigial need to face up to challenging situations," Gunter said.
Excessive fear can, however, be crippling. In wartime, exposure to repeated terror has caused total psychiatric collapse among soldiers. In the second world war, more than
half a million American soldiers were treated for mental illness provoked by uncontrollable fear.
In civilian life, psychological disorders such as anxiety and phobias are often untreatable. Valium, the most popular anti-anxiety drug, carries a risk of serious side-effects, from
loss of balance to hallucinations. The discovery of the amygdala's fear circuitry now offers scientists a specific target to design drugs that affect only the fear centre of the
brain, leaving other functions unimpaired.
The amygdala lies at the base of the brain and is considered one of its most ancient structures, which first evolved many millions of years ago, long before the evolution of the
"higher" centres of the brain in the cortex responsible for thinking and consciousness.
LeDoux believes that humans are at a point in their evolutionary history where the emotions created by the amygdala overwhelm the thinking brain in the cortex. In the future, he said, this balance could shift away from emotion,
but this would take thousands of years and in the meantime the only way of repressing unwanted fear would be to develop new drugs.
"We have shown that the amygdala is like the hub in the centre of a wheel of fear. If we understand the pathways of fear, it will ultimately lead to better control," said
LeDoux.
(end article)
the other interesting one is an opinion piece and recent..
http://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/main.jhtml?xml=/opinion/2003/02/11/do1102.xml
Relatedly, when the time of AIs come, is it a good idea to program 'fear' or is an AI incapable of feeling the emotion 'fear'? For me....
Fear is useful because:
1.helps to develop and sharpen instinct.
2.a defensive mechanism.
3.a survival tactic.
Fear is crippling because:
1.can be irrational.
2.extreme risk aversion.
3.handy excuse.
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